About GMRT
GMRT Overview
The Global Multi-Resolution Topography (GMRT) Synthesis is a multi-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) maintained in three projections and managed with a scalable global architecture that offers infrastructure for accessing the DEM as grids, images, points and profiles. A mask layer is available that highlights the location of high-resolution data. Most curatorial effort for GMRT is focused on cleaning and processing ship-based multibeam sonar data acquired by the US Academic Research Fleet (ARF) so they can be gridded at their full spatial resolution (~100m in the deep sea). These data are seamlessly overlain on lower resolution observed and predicted bathymetry data and are integrated with terrestrial elevation data to deliver to users the best resolution data that have been curated for a particular area area of interest.
Multibeam bathymetry data are unique among the marine geophysical data types in their relevance for a broad range of scientific investigations and non-academic uses, providing fundamental characterization of the physical environment and serving as primary base maps for multidisciplinary programs. While specialist expertise is needed to access, quality control and process multibeam bathymetry data files to generate high-quality bathymetric maps, the GMRT Synthesis provides free open access to bathymetric images and gridded bathymetric data for specialist and non-specialist users alike. Details about the tiling method and procedures used for creating and serving the GMRT synthesis is available in Ryan et al., 2009.
Source Data & Resolution
GMRT brings together multiple elevation sources that are managed as four discrete source types. Each of the discrete content types that are updated on different schedules including:
- Ship-based multibeam swath bathymetry data (100-m resolution) from research cruises assessed, cleaned, processed and curated by the GMRT Team and are updated with each GMRT release. The current version (GMRT v4.3.0) was released in October 2024 and includes swath data from 1,520 cruises and covering 41,511,053 square kilometers or 11.47% of the global ocean.
- Gridded seafloor depth data (at a variety of scales) that have been contributed by the international science community and are updated with each release.
- Portions of the US at 10-m resolution from the USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED)
- Global data (30-m resolution) from NASA’s Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer global DEM (ASTER)
- Gridded seafloor depth data (15 arc-second resolution) from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO 2024)
- Gridded seafloor depth data (2-km resolution) from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) version 2.23
- Gridded seafloor depth data and ice surface data (500 m resolution) from the International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO)
GMRT Multibeam Bathymetry Synthesis
Contributed Grids
Terrestrial elevation data
International data compilation basemaps assembled by the GEBCO community
MB Swath Data Preparation
Where do the source data come from?
We make use of multibeam data that are in the public domain at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI). Our efforts are focused primarily on the US Academic Research Fleet, but we also process and include data from non-US sources that are in the public domain. We are making our tools available so partner organizations and individuals can participate in the QA/QC of multibeam data in order to accelerate the pace of data integration. Our cruise-level metadata now includes information about the organization that processed the data, so the efforts of community members can be acknowledged and recognized. In addition to the data that have been included in GMRT, several cruises worth of data have been reviewed and not included - typically because they do not provide new coverage, and sometimes because of significant issues with data quality. Additional processed and/or gridded data are also contributed directly by scientists. Please contact us if you would like to contribute data.
How are data prioritized for inclusion in GMRT?
We prioritize data for inclusion in the GMRT Synthesis based on several criteria including: (1) extent of coverage and/or survey area, (2) the needs of NSF-funded research initiatives (e.g. GeoPRISMS), and (3) quality of sonar system. Having worked through much of the available archive of legacy data, our primary focus is now on data from recent research cruises. Please contact us to request that we prioritize data from a particular cruise or area.
How can users request new data in GMRT?
Please contact us if you would like to contribute data to GMRT or request that publicly available data be added to the compilation.
How are swath data processed?
We use a combination of software developed in-house and open source software to process swath data for GMRT. MB-System provides the backbone of the code that we use for our data cleaning and processing. Raw multibeam sonar ping files available for each cruise are first run through a series of crude filters (e.g. ocean depth), and are then used to generate a development set of 100-m resolution tiled images and grids. These images and grids are reviewed and quantitatively interrogated using a custom version of GeoMapApp. This allows our team to assess data coverage and data quality, and to identify problems in the data that can be addressed using multibeam processing tools and techniques available through MB-System.
Data are typically processed to 100-m resolution. While our overall goal is to include only high-quality data, we sometimes include lower quality data in areas where data coverage is sparse (e.g. Southern Ocean). The data are reviewed, edited as necessary and re-gridded iteratively until the quality is suitable for inclusion in the tile set. During this process, we also determine the maximum data resolution for the cruise, the data are either gridded at 100m (default), 50m, and 25m resolution depending on sonar system capabilities and survey area. The chosen resolution is applied to the entire cruise and is therefore limited by maximum water depth. During QA/QC we also assign a quality value to the cruise on the range of 1-10 with 10 being applied to the highest quality cruises. This value is applied to the data and affects the degree of blending that happens when the data are merged into the compilation.
Image Gallery of Common Problems Addressed During Multibeam Data Preparation:
Can the processing be automated?
Unfortunately, no. Successfully processing and cleaning sonar data collected at a variety of geologic settings throughout global oceans requires human intervention. While some automatic filtering techniques can be used for subsets of data, manual review and decision making is necessary to generate a consistent high-quality data product.
Accessing GMRT Grids & Images
- GMRT MapTool is an online tool that allows users to generate custom maps and grids directly from the GMRT compilation.
- GMRT is the default basemap in our visualization and analysis tool GeoMapApp, which can be used to create custom maps and grids, and to import and analyze other data sets within the context of GMRT.
- GMRT is the default basemap in our visualization and exploration tools Virtual Ocean and EarthObserver.
- GMRT images can be accessed as a Web Map Service (WMS)
- The 100-m resolution swath layer of GMRT is integrated as part of the default ocean layer in Google Earth and Google Maps.
GMRT History & Evolution
- 1992 - Bathymetry synthesis began as the Ridge Multibeam Synthesis Project (RMBS) - a compilation of gridded data products from global MORs.
- 2003 - Bathymetry compilation was expanded to include the Southern Ocean with the initiation of GMRT to provide global access to multi-resolutional bathymetry data.
- 2004 - GeoMapApp version 1.1 provides access to the GMRT compilation
- 2005 - The scope of GMRT was expanded to include data from throughout global oceans beyond MORs and the Southern Ocean.
- 2005 - GMRT Web Services established to broaden access to GMRT.
- 2008 - Virtual Ocean (3D Virtual Globe) released.
- 2009 - GMRT Synthesis Paper published in G-cubed (Ryan et al., 2009)
- 2010 - GMRT version 2.0 – revised tiling scheme, new data prep tools, improved quality, improved land resolution, extended swath coverage
- 2010 - Earth Observer released for iPhone and iPad
- 2011 - GMRT 100-m swath bathymetry content added Google Earth & Google Maps
- 2009 - GMRT version 1.0 released in September with processed swath data from 364 additional cruises, representing 1,367,332 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 12,307,275 square km (3.40% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2011 - GMRT version 2.0 released in January with processed swath data from 129 additional cruises, representing 390,035 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 17,165,415 square km (4.74% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2011 - GMRT version 2.1 released in September with processed swath data from 77 additional cruises, representing 206,317 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 18,410,254 square km (5.09% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2012 - GMRT version 2.2 released in April with processed swath data from 41 additional cruises, representing 125,992 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 19,747,632 square km (5.46% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2012 - GMRT version 2.3 released in October with processed swath data from 37 additional cruises, representing 81,505 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 20,607,140 square km (5.69% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2013 - GMRT version 2.4 released in April with processed swath data from 40 additional cruises, representing 67,441 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 21,426,216 square km (5.92% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2013 - GMRT version 2.5 released in October with processed swath data from 42 additional cruises, representing 132,221 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 22,934,999 square km (6.34% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2014 - GMRT version 2.6 released in May with processed swath data from 48 additional cruises, representing 148,590 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 24,714,312 square km (6.83% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2014 - GMRT version 2.7 released in November with processed swath data from 29 additional cruises, representing 105,828 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 25,649,288 square km (7.09% of the global ocean). The SRTM ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2015 - GMRT version 3.0 released in June with processed swath data from 38 additional cruises, representing 97,998 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 26,569,856 square km (7.34% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2015 - GMRT version 3.1 released in November with processed swath data from 31 additional cruises, representing 67,300 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 27,074,228 square km (7.48% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2016 - GMRT version 3.2 released in June with processed swath data from 28 additional cruises, representing 97,709 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 27,921,901 square km (7.72% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2017 - GMRT version 3.3 released in January with processed swath data from 28 additional cruises, representing 90,133 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 28,819,725 square km (7.96% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2017 - GMRT version 3.4 released in July with processed swath data from 43 additional cruises, representing 33,317 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 29,241,643 square km (8.08% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2018 - GMRT version 3.5 released in February with processed swath data from 33 additional cruises, representing 90,088 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 30,130,308 square km (8.33% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2018 - GMRT version 3.6 released in December with processed swath data from 38 additional cruises, representing 102,301 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 31,278,025 square km (8.64% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2019 - GMRT version 3.7 released in October with processed swath data from 62 additional cruises, representing 155,766 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 32,790,531 square km (9.06% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2020 - GMRT version 3.8 released in October with processed swath data from 84 additional cruises, representing 171,537 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 34,764,597 square km (9.61% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2021 - GMRT version 3.9 released in March with processed swath data from 47 additional cruises, representing 82,175 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 35,696,795 square km (9.86% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2014 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2022 - GMRT version 4.0 released in January with processed swath data from 87 additional cruises, representing 170,430 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 37,245,848 square km (10.29% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2021 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2022 - GMRT version 4.1 released in October with processed swath data from 61 additional cruises, representing 82,131 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 38,133,571 square km (10.54% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2022 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2023 - GMRT version 4.1.1 released in March with processed swath data from 39 additional cruises, representing 105,812 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 38,992,688 square km (10.77% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2022 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2023 - GMRT version 4.2 released in November with processed swath data from 30 additional cruises, representing 74,666 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 39,737,223 square km (10.98% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2023 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2024 - GMRT version 4.2.1 released in May with processed swath data from 34 additional cruises, representing 87,483 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 40,838,234 square km (11.28% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2023 ocean basemap was used in this version.
- 2024 - GMRT version 4.3.0 released in October with processed swath data from 30 additional cruises, representing 87,330 new trackline miles of data. This brings the total area covered by our curated swath bathymetry to 41,511,053 square km (11.47% of the global ocean). The GEBCO 2024 ocean basemap was used in this version.
Attribution to Original Data Sources
Attribution to data providers has always been a priority with the GMRT Synthesis, and is accomplished in several ways.
Access to Original Data
Advanced users who seek access to multibeam sonar files used in the GMRT compilation can identify and download processed multibeam files using the Multibeam Swath Bathymetry Data Portal in GeoMapApp. After opening the Multibeam Swath Bathymetry Portal, clicking on a trackline of interest will illuminate the trackline for the entire cruise. The individual file of interest will turn red in map view, and the file name will be shown in the bottom of the GeoMapApp interface. By clicking on Download File, the individual data file will be downloaded from the MGDS
How to cite GMRT
Ryan, W.B.F., S.M. Carbotte, J.O. Coplan, S. O'Hara, A. Melkonian, R. Arko, R.A. Weissel, V. Ferrini, A. Goodwillie, F. Nitsche, J. Bonczkowski, and R. Zemsky (2009), Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 10, Q03014, doi: 10.1029/2008GC002332
